The ships that headed north - an archaeological perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.272Keywords:
ships, shipping, ship archaeology, trade, technology, technology transferAbstract
Information on ships that were used for the North Atlantic trade, mainly from Hamburg and Bremen, is scarce and, to date, has been completely derived from historical documents. This is problematic because the terms used for ship types do not represent technical definitions. As there is currently no direct archaeological evidence for the ships that headed north, finds of ships and ship timbers from other areas had been considered to offer a first glance into shipbuilding and the mechanisms of change in building methods. Two main building methods can be distinguished in the medieval period for sea-going and coastal craft: the bottom-based Bremen-type shipbuilding method and clinker shipbuilding methods. The new carvel shipbuilding method was established in the late fifteenth century in north-west Europe. The archaeological evidence shows that there was no immediate change over but that in many cases, there was instead a convergence to achieve flush carvel-built hulls. Considering the Bremen-type with its flat bottom and limited sailing abilities and the fact that the German merchants only started to participate in the North Atlantic trade in the late fifteenth century, the question arises of whether there were other technical issues that prevented them from this enterprise until they managed to gain the knowledge required to build ocean-going vessels that could withstand a journey of several weeks across the North Sea and Norwegian Sea.
References
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Belasus, M. 2004. Das Möweninsel Schiff. Ein mittelalterlicher Schiffsfund aus der Inneren Schlei. Unpublished Diploma thesis, Kiel University.
Belasus, M. 2012. Abschlussbericht zum DFGForschungsprojekt: Schiffe und Schifffahrt während des hohen und späten Mittelalters in der südwestlichen Ostsee. Auswertung der archäologischen Quellen aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (unpublished report). Frankfurt am Main: Römisch-Germanische Kommission.
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Carpenter-Turner, W. J. 1954. The building of the Gracedieu, Valentine and Falconer at Southampton, 1416–1420. Mariner’s Mirror 40(1), 55–75.
Christensen, A. E. 1985. Boat finds from Bryggen. The Bryggen Papers, Main Series vol. 1, 47–278. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
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Nautical Archaeology 29(2), 230–46.
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Grassel, P. 2011. Mittelalterliche Schiffsholzfunde aus einem Gebäudefund des 14. Jh. vom Fundplatz Stralsund- Frankenhof. Unpublished Magister thesis, Kiel University.
Hagedorn, B. 1914. Die Entwicklung der wichtigsten Schiffstypen bis in das 19. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Curtius.
Heinsius, P. 1986. Das Schiff der hansischen Frühzeit. Cologne: Böhlau (second edition).
Hirsch, T. and Vossberg, V. A. 1855. Caspar Weinreichs Danziger Chronik. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Danzigs, der Lande Preussen und Polen, des Hansabundes und der Nordischen Reiche. Berlin: Stargardt.
Hocker, F. M. 2004. Bottom-based shilpbuilding in northwestern Europe, in F. M. Hocker and C. A. Ward (eds), The Philosophy of Shipbuilding. Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Wooden Ships, 65–93. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Hocker, F. M. and Vliermann, K. 1996. A Small Cog, Wrecked on the Zuiderzee in the Early Fifteenth Century. Flevobericht 408. Lelystad: Nederlands Intituut voor Scheeps- en onderwater Archeologie.
Hofmeister, A. E. 2000. Hansische Kaufleute auf Island im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, in Deutsch-Isländische Gesellschaft Bremerhaven/Bremen (ed.), Kirche– Kaufmann–Kabeljau: 1000 Jahre Bremer Islandfahrt, 33–46. Staatsarchiv: Bremen.
Keweloh, H.-W. 1983. Kalfathölzer – Zur Interpretation Eines Beifundes der Hansekogge. Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv 6, 7–10.
Kulessa, B. 2005. Siedlungsgeschichte und Hafenentwicklung in der Hansestadt Stralsund vom Mittelalter bis zur frühen Neuzeit. Rahden: Leidorf.
Lemée, C. P. P. 2006. The Renaissance Shipwrecks from Christianshavn. An archaeological and architectural study of large carvel vessels in Danish waters, 1580–1640. Roskilde: Viking Ship Museum.
L’Hour, M. and Veyrat, E. 1994. The French medieval clinker wreck from Aber Wrac’h, in C. Westerdahl (ed.), Crossroads in Ancient Shipbuilding. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Roskilde 1991, 165–80. Oxford: Oxbow.
Lienau, O. 1943. Das grosse Kraweel der Peter von Danzig: 1462–1475. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte deutscher Seegeltung. Gdánsk: Rosenberg.
Litwin, J. 1991. The first Polish galleon and its construction register from 1570–1572, in R. Reinders and P. Kees (eds), Carvel Construction Technique Skeleton-first, Shell-first. Fifth International Symposium on boat and ship archaeology, Amsterdam 1988, 56–61. Oxford: Oxbow.
Maarleveld, T. J. 1995. Type or technique. Some thoughts on boat and ship finds as indicative of cultural traditions. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 24(1), 3–7.
Mäss, V. 1992. A medieval ship from the Pärnu river. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Humanitaar ja sotsiaalteadused, 293–98.
Milne, G. 2004. The fourteenth-century merchant ship from Sandwich: a study in medieval maritime archaeology. Archaeologia Cantiana 124, 227–264.
Nævestad, D. 1998. Lokaliserte middelaldervrak i Øst-Norge. Norsk Sjøfartsmuseum Årbok, 159–207.
Nakoinz, O. 1998. Das mittelalterliche Wrack von Schuby-Strand und die Schiffbautraditionen der südlichen Ostsee. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 28, 311–22.
Nayling, N. and Jones, T. 2014. The Newport Medieval Ship, Wales, United Kingdom. International Journal of
Nautical Archaeology 43(2), 239–78.
Overmeer, A. B. M. 2007. Searching for the missing link? A research on clinker build ships in the 15th and 16th centuries, in E. Gehring (ed.), SOJA-bundel 2006, Symposium voor Onderzoek door Jonge Archeologen, Amsterdam, 63–72. Groningen: Stichting Onderzoek Jonge Archeologen.
Pomey, P., Kahanov, Y. and Rieth, E. 2012. Transition from shell to skeleton in ancient Mediterranean shipconstruction: analysis, problems, and future research. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 41(2), 235–314.
Reinders, R. 1979. Medieval ships: recent finds in the Netherlands, in S. McGrail (ed.), The Archaeology of Medieval Ships and Harbours in Northern Europe. International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology at Bremerhaven in 1979. BAR International Series 66, 35–43. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Rieck, F. 2013. Funde von Schiffen und Schiffsteilen aus dem Nydam-Moor 1859–2011, in A. Rau (ed.), Nydam Mose 4, 1–145. Århus: Universitetsforlag.
Rieth, E. 2013. L’epave de la première moitié du XVe siècle de la Canche à Beutin (Pas-de-Calais). Revue du Nord hors série Archéologie 20, 2013. Villeneuve d'Ascq: Université Charles-de-Gaulle, Lille.
Schutten, G. J. 2004. Verdwenen schepen. De kleinen houten beroepsvaartuigen, vrachtvaarders en vissersschepen in de Lage landen. Zutphen: Walburg Pers.
Siegloff, E. 2004. Studien zu den Sintelfunden an der Schleswiger Landenge. Unpublished Diploma thesis, Kiel University.
Soberón, M., Pujol, M., Llergo, Y., Riera, S., Juliá, R. and Domínguez, M., 2012. El Barceloneta I. Una embarcación medieval a tingladillo en Barcelona. Revista de Estudios Marítimos des País Vasco 7, 411–22.
Stanek, A. 2011. The Wittenbergen Wreck: An example of flush planked shipbuilding in northern Europe. Unpublished Masters thesis, Syddansk Universitet.
Svenwall, N. 1994. Ett 1500-tals fartyg med arbetsnamnet Ringaren. Unpublished PhD thesis, Stockholm University.
Varenius, B. 1992. Det nordiska skeppet. Teknilogi och samhällsstrategi i vikingatid och medeltid. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 10. Stockholm: Stockholms Universitet.
Vogel, W. 1915. Geschichte der deutschen Seeschiffahrt, vol. 1. Berlin: Georg Reimer.
Weski, T. 1999. The Ijsselmeer type. Some thoughts on Hanseatic Cogs. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 28(4), 360–79.
Wolf, T. 1986. Tragfähigkeiten, Ladungen und Maße im Schiffsverkehr der Hanse. Cologne: Böhlau.
Adams, J. and Black, J. 2004. From rescue to research: medieval ship finds in St Peter Port, Guernsey. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 33(2), 230–252.
Auer, J. and Maarleveld, T. (eds) 2013. Fieldwork Report Skjernøsund 3 Wreck 2011. Esbjerg: Syddansk Universitet.
Auer, J., Bangerter, R. and Mallon, F. 2009. The wreck of an Elizabethan merchantman from the Thames. A preliminary fieldwork report, in R. Bockius (ed.), Between the Seas. Transfer and Exchange in Nautical Technology. Proceedings of the Eleventh International symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, 79–88. Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum.
Baasch, E. 1889. Forschungen zur hamburgischen Handelsgeschichte I. Die Islandfahrt der Deutschen, namentlich der Hamburger vom 15. bis 17. Jahrhundert. Hamburg: Herold.
Belasus, M. 2004. Das Möweninsel Schiff. Ein mittelalterlicher Schiffsfund aus der Inneren Schlei. Unpublished Diploma thesis, Kiel University.
Belasus, M. 2012. Abschlussbericht zum DFGForschungsprojekt: Schiffe und Schifffahrt während des hohen und späten Mittelalters in der südwestlichen Ostsee. Auswertung der archäologischen Quellen aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (unpublished report). Frankfurt am Main: Römisch-Germanische Kommission.
Belasus, M. 2017a. Historical ship archaeology in the shadow of historism – a German perspective, in A. Brooks and N. Mehler (eds), The Historical Archaeology of Nationalism and National Identity, 222–242. Gainesville: Florida Univerity Press.
Belasus, M. 2017b. Those bits and pieces from the Baltic shores – evidence for medieval shipping along the German Baltic Sea coast from the 12th until the 15th century, in W. Ossowski (ed.), The Baltic and Beyond. Change and Continuity in Shipbuilding. Proceedings of the 14th Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology 2015, 33–38. Gdańsk: National Maritime Museum.
Belasus, M. in press. Does size matter? Some thoughts on the cargo capacity of German ships that sailed the North Atlantik, in N. Mehler (ed.), German voyages in the North Atlantic (c. 1400–1700). Leiden: Brill.
Bill, J. 1997. Small Scale Seafaring in Danish Waters AD 1000–1600. Unpublished PhD thesis, Copenhagen University.
Brandt, H., Hoheisel, W. D. and Hochkirch, K. 1994. Experimentelle Ermittlung der Segelleistung von einem originalgetreuen Nachbei der Hansekogge von 1380. Unpublished DFG-research project report. Berlin: Technische Universität.
Carpenter-Turner, W. J. 1954. The building of the Gracedieu, Valentine and Falconer at Southampton, 1416–1420. Mariner’s Mirror 40(1), 55–75.
Christensen, A. E. 1985. Boat finds from Bryggen. The Bryggen Papers, Main Series vol. 1, 47–278. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Christensen, A. E. 2002. The ‘Big Ship’ of Bryggen in Bergen: what can it tell us? Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv 25, 87–95.
Crumlin-Pedersen, O. 2000. To be or not to be a cog: the Bremen cog in perspective. International Journal of
Nautical Archaeology 29(2), 230–46.
Daly, A. 2007a. Timber, Trade and Tree-rings. A dendrochronological analysis of structural oak timbers in Northern Europe, c. AD 1000 to c. AD 1650. PhD thesis, Syddansk Universitet.
Daly, A. 2007b. The Karschau ship, Schleswig-Holstein: dendrochronological results and timber provenance. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 36(1), 155–66.
Ellmers, D. 1979. Schiffsarchäologie, in H. Jahnkuhn and R. Wenkus (eds), Geschichtswissenschaft und Archäologie. Untersuchungen zur Siedlungs-, Wirtschafts- und Kirchengeschichte, 485–516. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke.
Englert, A. 2015. Large Cargo Ships in Danish Waters 1000–1250. Evidence of specialised merchant seafaring prior to the Hanseatic period. Ships and Boats of the North 7. Roskilde: Viking Ship Museum.
Eriksson, N. 2008. An early ‘half-carvel’ in the northern Baltic. Maritime Archaeology Newsletter from Denmark 23, 4–9.
Förster, T. 2009. Große Handelsschiffe des Spätmittelalters. Untersuchungen an zwei Wrackfunden des 14. Jahrhunderts vor der Insel Hiddensee und der Insel Poel. Schriften des Deutschen Schiffahrtsmuseums 67.
Kuden: Convent.
Friel, I. 1993. Henry V's Grace Dieu and the wreck in the R. Hamble near Bursledon, Hampshire. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 22(1), 3–19.
Friel, I. 1995. The Good Ship. Ships, Shipbuilding and Technology in England 1200–1520. London: British Museum Press.
Gessinger, J. and von Rahden, W. 1989. Theorien vom Ursprung der Sprache. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Grassel, P. 2011. Mittelalterliche Schiffsholzfunde aus einem Gebäudefund des 14. Jh. vom Fundplatz Stralsund- Frankenhof. Unpublished Magister thesis, Kiel University.
Hagedorn, B. 1914. Die Entwicklung der wichtigsten Schiffstypen bis in das 19. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Curtius.
Heinsius, P. 1986. Das Schiff der hansischen Frühzeit. Cologne: Böhlau (second edition).
Hirsch, T. and Vossberg, V. A. 1855. Caspar Weinreichs Danziger Chronik. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte Danzigs, der Lande Preussen und Polen, des Hansabundes und der Nordischen Reiche. Berlin: Stargardt.
Hocker, F. M. 2004. Bottom-based shilpbuilding in northwestern Europe, in F. M. Hocker and C. A. Ward (eds), The Philosophy of Shipbuilding. Conceptual Approaches to the Study of Wooden Ships, 65–93. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
Hocker, F. M. and Vliermann, K. 1996. A Small Cog, Wrecked on the Zuiderzee in the Early Fifteenth Century. Flevobericht 408. Lelystad: Nederlands Intituut voor Scheeps- en onderwater Archeologie.
Hofmeister, A. E. 2000. Hansische Kaufleute auf Island im 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, in Deutsch-Isländische Gesellschaft Bremerhaven/Bremen (ed.), Kirche– Kaufmann–Kabeljau: 1000 Jahre Bremer Islandfahrt, 33–46. Staatsarchiv: Bremen.
Keweloh, H.-W. 1983. Kalfathölzer – Zur Interpretation Eines Beifundes der Hansekogge. Deutsches Schiffahrtsarchiv 6, 7–10.
Kulessa, B. 2005. Siedlungsgeschichte und Hafenentwicklung in der Hansestadt Stralsund vom Mittelalter bis zur frühen Neuzeit. Rahden: Leidorf.
Lemée, C. P. P. 2006. The Renaissance Shipwrecks from Christianshavn. An archaeological and architectural study of large carvel vessels in Danish waters, 1580–1640. Roskilde: Viking Ship Museum.
L’Hour, M. and Veyrat, E. 1994. The French medieval clinker wreck from Aber Wrac’h, in C. Westerdahl (ed.), Crossroads in Ancient Shipbuilding. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Roskilde 1991, 165–80. Oxford: Oxbow.
Lienau, O. 1943. Das grosse Kraweel der Peter von Danzig: 1462–1475. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte deutscher Seegeltung. Gdánsk: Rosenberg.
Litwin, J. 1991. The first Polish galleon and its construction register from 1570–1572, in R. Reinders and P. Kees (eds), Carvel Construction Technique Skeleton-first, Shell-first. Fifth International Symposium on boat and ship archaeology, Amsterdam 1988, 56–61. Oxford: Oxbow.
Maarleveld, T. J. 1995. Type or technique. Some thoughts on boat and ship finds as indicative of cultural traditions. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 24(1), 3–7.
Mäss, V. 1992. A medieval ship from the Pärnu river. Eesti NSV Teaduste Akadeemia Toimetised, Humanitaar ja sotsiaalteadused, 293–98.
Milne, G. 2004. The fourteenth-century merchant ship from Sandwich: a study in medieval maritime archaeology. Archaeologia Cantiana 124, 227–264.
Nævestad, D. 1998. Lokaliserte middelaldervrak i Øst-Norge. Norsk Sjøfartsmuseum Årbok, 159–207.
Nakoinz, O. 1998. Das mittelalterliche Wrack von Schuby-Strand und die Schiffbautraditionen der südlichen Ostsee. Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 28, 311–22.
Nayling, N. and Jones, T. 2014. The Newport Medieval Ship, Wales, United Kingdom. International Journal of
Nautical Archaeology 43(2), 239–78.
Overmeer, A. B. M. 2007. Searching for the missing link? A research on clinker build ships in the 15th and 16th centuries, in E. Gehring (ed.), SOJA-bundel 2006, Symposium voor Onderzoek door Jonge Archeologen, Amsterdam, 63–72. Groningen: Stichting Onderzoek Jonge Archeologen.
Pomey, P., Kahanov, Y. and Rieth, E. 2012. Transition from shell to skeleton in ancient Mediterranean shipconstruction: analysis, problems, and future research. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 41(2), 235–314.
Reinders, R. 1979. Medieval ships: recent finds in the Netherlands, in S. McGrail (ed.), The Archaeology of Medieval Ships and Harbours in Northern Europe. International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology at Bremerhaven in 1979. BAR International Series 66, 35–43. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Rieck, F. 2013. Funde von Schiffen und Schiffsteilen aus dem Nydam-Moor 1859–2011, in A. Rau (ed.), Nydam Mose 4, 1–145. Århus: Universitetsforlag.
Rieth, E. 2013. L’epave de la première moitié du XVe siècle de la Canche à Beutin (Pas-de-Calais). Revue du Nord hors série Archéologie 20, 2013. Villeneuve d'Ascq: Université Charles-de-Gaulle, Lille.
Schutten, G. J. 2004. Verdwenen schepen. De kleinen houten beroepsvaartuigen, vrachtvaarders en vissersschepen in de Lage landen. Zutphen: Walburg Pers.
Siegloff, E. 2004. Studien zu den Sintelfunden an der Schleswiger Landenge. Unpublished Diploma thesis, Kiel University.
Soberón, M., Pujol, M., Llergo, Y., Riera, S., Juliá, R. and Domínguez, M., 2012. El Barceloneta I. Una embarcación medieval a tingladillo en Barcelona. Revista de Estudios Marítimos des País Vasco 7, 411–22.
Stanek, A. 2011. The Wittenbergen Wreck: An example of flush planked shipbuilding in northern Europe. Unpublished Masters thesis, Syddansk Universitet.
Svenwall, N. 1994. Ett 1500-tals fartyg med arbetsnamnet Ringaren. Unpublished PhD thesis, Stockholm University.
Varenius, B. 1992. Det nordiska skeppet. Teknilogi och samhällsstrategi i vikingatid och medeltid. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 10. Stockholm: Stockholms Universitet.
Vogel, W. 1915. Geschichte der deutschen Seeschiffahrt, vol. 1. Berlin: Georg Reimer.
Weski, T. 1999. The Ijsselmeer type. Some thoughts on Hanseatic Cogs. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 28(4), 360–79.
Wolf, T. 1986. Tragfähigkeiten, Ladungen und Maße im Schiffsverkehr der Hanse. Cologne: Böhlau.
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Published
2020-01-06
How to Cite
Belasus, M. (2020). The ships that headed north - an archaeological perspective. AmS-Skrifter, (27), 175–186. https://doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i27.272
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Part III: The cultural impact of trade