Institutionalized Exclusion of Children with Disabilities and the Role of Social Work Perspectives from Zimbabwe and South Africa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31265/tz0znb94Keywords:
children with disabilities, exclusion, South Africa, ZimbabweAbstract
Of a total of 166 countries that have ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, two African countries—Zimbabwe and South Africa—have undertaken to uphold the legal obligations imposed by this treaty as well as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN, 1989). Despite the existence of these robust and enabling human rights frameworks, children with disabilities (CWDs) in these two countries remain excluded. Using perspectives from Zimbabwe and South Africa, the aim of this secondary literature-based article is to apply social work lenses in exploring the intractable challenge of the institutionalized exclusion of CWDs. The article will also examine how social workers could support the inclusion of CWDs at all levels of education and in all welfare and health services. The article concludes by offering pathways by which state and non-state social workers in the two countries can navigate differing socio-economic challenges to guarantee enhanced social functioning of CWDs.
References
Chikandiwa,.H. (2024). New Bill a giant step towards protecting PWDs rights: Govt. https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200032093/new-bill-a-giant-step-towards-protecting-pwds-rights-govt.
Chirowamhangu, R. (2024). Inclusive education pandemic: Learning barriers for children with disabilities in South Africa. African Journal of Disability, 13(1), 52-68. https://doi.org/10.4102/AJOD.v13i0.1462
Choruma T. (2007) The Forgotten Tribe, Experiences of People with Disabilities in Zimbabwe. Progressio.
Dada, S., Wilder, J., May, A., Klang, N. & Pillay, M. (2023). A review of interventions for children and youth with severe disabilities in inclusive education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 27(3), 345-360. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2023.2278359
Deluca, M., Tramontano, C. & Kett, M. (2014). Including children with disabilities in primary school: The case of Mashonaland, Zimbabwe (Working Paper 26). https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10127847/
Department of Social Development. (2015). White Paper on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Republic of South Africa.
Dube, T., Ncube, S. B., Mapuvire, C. C., Ndlovu, S., Ncube, C. & Mlotshwa, S. (2021). Interventions to reduce the exclusion of children with disabilities from education: A Zimbabwean perspective from the field. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1913848
Engelbrecht, L. K. & Lombard, A. (2024). Co-building inclusive social transformation for sustainable development. Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk, 60(3), i-iii. https://doi.org/10.15270/60-3-1342
Government of Zimbabwe, Ministry of Labour and Social Services. (2010). National Residential Child Care Standards 2010.
Human Rights Watch. (2015). Complicit in Exclusion: South Africa’s Failure to Guarantee an Inclusive Education for Children with Disabilities. https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/08/18/complicit-exclusion/south-africas-failure-guarantee-inclusive-education-children)
Human Rights Watch. (2019). South Africa: Children with Disabilities Shortchanged. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/05/24/south-africa-children-disabilities-shortchanged
Hunt, X., Saran, A., White, H. & Kuoer, H. (2025). Effectiveness of interventions for improving educational outcomes for people with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 21(1), e70016. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.70016
Jackson, H. & Mupedziswa, R. (1988). Disability and Rehabilitation: Beliefs and Attitudes Among rural Disabled People in a Community Based Rehabilitation Scheme in Zimbabwe. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 3(1), 21-30. https://d.lib.msu.edu/jsda/67/OBJ/download
Kaplan. D. (2005). The definition of disability. The Center for an Accessible Society. http://www.accessiblesociety.org/topics/demographics-identity/dkaplanpaper.htm
Lawson, A. & Beckett, A. E. (2021) The social and human rights models of disability: towards a complementarity thesis. The International Journal of Human Rights, 25(2), 348–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2020.1783533
Majoko, T. (2019). Inclusion of Children with Disabilities in Physical Education in Zimbabwean Primary Schools. Sage Open, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018820387
Mapp, S., McPherson, J., Androff, D. & Gatenio Gabel, S. (2019). Social work is a human rights profession. Social Work, 64(3), 259-269. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swz023
Mashanyare, T., Garutsa, T. C. & Odhav, K. (2025). Challenges with the Disability Policy Framework in Zimbabwe: An In-Depth Qualitative Analysis of Perspectives of Youth with Disabilities. Disabilities, 5(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/disabilities5020041
Moodley, S. (2021). Children with disabilities in South Africa: Policies for early identification and education. In W. Pearson Jr. & V. Reddy (Eds.), Social justice and education in the 21st century: Research from South Africa and the United States (pp. 95-112). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65417-7_6
Mpofu, J. & Shumba, A. (2014). Perceived stigma and social identity in Zimbabwean children with disabilities. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, 2(3), 1-8
Mtetwa E (2011). Policy Dimensions of Exclusion Disability as Charity and Not Right in Zimbabwe. The Indian Journal of Social Work, 72(3), 382-396
Muderedzi, J.T., Eide, A.H., Braathen, S.H. & Stray-Pedersen, B. (2017). Exploring structural violence in the context of disability and poverty in Zimbabwe. African Journal of Disability 6, a274. https://doi. org/10.4102/ajod.v6i0.274
Munsaka, E. & Charnley, H. (2013). Children's views on their roles in the family in relation to health and care in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa. Childhood, 20(3), 338-352.
Muridzo, N., Mukurazhizha, R. & Simbine, S. (2022). Social Work in Zimbabwe: From Social Control to Social Change. International Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 19(2), 227-243. https://doi.org/10.55521/10-019-213
Ndhlovu, E. (2023). Institutional Care in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Opportunities for Children with Disabilities in Masvingo-Zimbabwe. Journal of Inclusive & Innovative Practices, 1(1), 4-15. http://joiip.rcu.ac.zw:7009/media/articles/JOIIP-1-1-0004-2023_.pdf
Nhapi, T. (2020). Zimbabwe’s National Case Management System for child protection and enhanced rights realisation for children with disabilities (CWDS). African Journal of Social Work, 10(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v10i2.
Republic of South Africa. (1996). The Constitution of South Africa, Act 108. Government Printers.
Republic of South Africa. (2005). Children’s Act. Government Printers.
Republic of South Africa. (2024). Social Development Programs and Grants. https://www.gov.za/about-sa/social-development
Republic of South Africa. (2015). White Paper on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_documents/WPRDP%20Booklet.pdf
Reynaert, D., Nachtergaele, S., De Stercke, N., Gobeyn, H. & Roose, R. (2022). Social work as a human rights profession: An action framework. The British Journal of Social Work, 52(2), 928-945. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab083
Shonaquip Social Enterprise. (2024). Enabling Inclusion of Children with Disabilities and Their Families Across Southern Africa. https://shonaquipse.org.za/
Tafirenyika, J., Mhizha, S. & Ejuu, G. (2023). Building inclusive early learning environments for children with a disability in low-resource settings: Insights into challenges and opportunities from rural Zimbabwe. Frontiers in Education, 8, 1029076. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1029076
Tesemma S. T. & Coetzee S. A. (2019). Conflicting discourses on conceptualising children with disabilities in Africa. African Disability Rights Yearbook, 7, 59-80 https://doi.org/10.29053/2413-7138/2019/v7a3
Trafford, Z. & Swartz, L. (2023). The Care Dependency Grant for children with disabilities in South Africa: Perspectives from implementation officials. Development Southern Africa, 40(2), 259-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2021.1981250
Trocaire. (2021). Social Inclusion & The Promotion of The Human Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Zimbabwe. https://www.trocaire.org/documents/social-inclusion-the-promotion-of-the-human-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities-in-zimbabwe/
UNESCO. (2001). Overcoming Exclusion through Inclusive Approaches in Education. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134785
UNESCO. (2018). Education and Disability: Analysis of Data from 49 Countries. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000262805.locale=en
UNPRPD. (2022) Situational Analysis of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Zimbabwe. https://unprpd.org/new/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Situation_Analysis_CountryBrief_Zimbabwe-d62.pdf
World Health Organization (WHO). (2024). Increasing access to quality rehabilitation services in Africa: Regional rehabilitation meeting report. https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/WHO-AFRO-UHP-2024-03-eng.pdf
Zimbabwe Statistics Agency. (2017) Inter-Censal Demographic Survey 2017. https://zimbabwe.unfpa.org/en/publications/inter-censal-demographic-survey-2017-report
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Takudzwa Leonard Mathende, Tatenda Goodman Nhapi, Noel Garikai Muridzo

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.