10. Expoloring Age - Transition Analysis as a Tool for Detecting the Elderly
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31265/ams-skrifter.v0i26.215Keywords:
Osteology, age estimation, biostatistics, Bayes' theorem, Transition AnalysisAbstract
The growth of gender archaeology has improved the inclusion of female and juvenile narratives in archaeological discourse, enabling us to better understand interactions between groups defined by both social and physiological differences. There has been a notable absence of elderly in research, however, that is not simply a question of attitudes but of methodological limitations. The emergence of biostatistics has offered novel ways to combat common issues such as age mimicry and avoid the problematic nature of culturally loaded descriptive terminology. A test performed on Transition Analysis by Boldsen et al. (2002), generates individual age estimates, which allow for better differentiation between individuals and age groups, such as the ‘45+ older adults’. Further research into biostatistical methods will not only improve objectivity but bring much-needed attention to the elderly, including their narrative into the investigation of family dynamics and adult-juvenile interactions.
References
Anderson, M. F., Anderson, D. T. and Wescott, D. J. 2010. Estimation of adult skeletal age at death using the Sugeno fuzzy integral. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 142, 30-41.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21190
Appleby, J. E. P. 2010. Why we need an archaeology of old age, and a suggested approach. Norwegian Archaeological Review 43, 145-68.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00293652.2010.531582
Armelagos, G. J. and Van Gerven, D. P. 2003. A century of skeletal biology and paleopathology: contrasts, contradictions, and conflicts. American Anthropologist 105, 53-64.
https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.53
Baccino, E., Sinfield, L., Colomb, S., Baum T.-P. and Matrille, L. 2014. Technical note: the two step procedure (TSP) for the determination of age at death of adult human remains in forensic cases. Forensic Science International 244, 247-51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.09.005
Barrett, J. P. 1974. The coefficient of determination - some limitations. The American Statistician 28, 19-20.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1974.10479056
Bayes, T. and Price, R. 1763. An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. by the late Rev. Mr. Bayes, communicated by Mr. Price, in a letter to John Canton, M. A. and F. R. S. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 53, 370-418.
https://doi.org/10.1098/rstl.1763.0053
Becker, I., Woodley, S. J. and Stringer, M. D. 2010. The adult human pubic symphysis: a systematic review. Journal of Anatomy 217, 475-87.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01300.x
Berthard, J. D. 2005. A Test of the Transition Analysis Method for Estimation of Age-at-death in Adult Human Skeletal Remains. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Tennessee.
Bocquet-Appel, J.-P. and Masset, C. 1982. Farewell to paleodemography. Journal of Human Evolution 11, 321-33.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(82)80023-7
Boldsen J., Milner, G., Konigsberg, L. and Wood, J. 2002. Transition analyses: a new method for estimating age from skeletons, pp. 73-106 in Hoppa, R. W. and Vaupel, J. W. (eds.), Palaeodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542428.005
Brooks, S. T. 1955. Skeletal age-at-death: the reliability of cranial and pubic age indicators. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 13, 567-89.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330130403
Brooks, S. T. and Suchey, J. M. 1990. Skeletal age determination based on the os pubis: a comparison of the Acárdi-Nemeskéri and Suchey-Brooks methods. Journal of Human Evolution 5, 227-38.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02437238
Brothwell, D. 1981 Digging up Bones (third edition). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Buckberry, J. 2015. The (mis)use of adult age estimates in osteology. Annals of Human Biology 42, 323-31.
https://doi.org/10.3109/03014460.2015.1046926
Buckberry, J. L. and Chamberlain, A. T. 2002. Age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium: a revised method. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 119, 231-9.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10130
Buikstra, J. E. 1977. Biocultural dimensions of archaeological study: a regional perspective, pp. 67-84 in Blakely, R. L. (ed.), Biocultural Adaptation in Prehistoric America (Southern Anthropological Society Proceedings 1). Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
Bullock, M., Márquez, L., Hernández, P. and Ruíz, F. 2013. Paleodemographic age-at-death distributions of two Mexican skeletal collections: a comparison of transition analysis and traditional aging methods. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152, 67-78.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22329
Chamberlain, A. 2000. Problems and prospects in palaeodemography, pp. 101-16 in Cox, M. and Mays, S. (eds.), Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. London: Greenwich Medical Media.
Chamberlain, A. 2006. Demography in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511607165
Cockayne, K. 2003. Experiencing Age in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge.
Corsini, M.-M., Schmitt, A. and Bruzek, J. 2005. Aging process variability on the human skeleton: artificial network as an appropriate tool for age at death assessment. Forensic Science International 148, 163-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.05.008
DiGangi, E. and Moore, M. 2013. Future research considerations in human skeletal biology, pp. 507-12 in DiGangi, E. and Moore, M. (eds.), Research Methods in Human Skeletal Biology. San Diego: Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385189-5.00018-2
Dwight, T. 1878. The Identification of the Human Skeleton. A Medico-legal Study. Boston: David Clapp & Son, Printers.
Falys, C. G. and Lewis, M. 2011. Proposing a way forward: a review of standardisation in the use of age categories and ageing techniques in osteological analysis (2004-2009). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156, 35-57.
https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1179
Garvin, H. M. and Passalacqua, N. V. 2012. Current practices by forensic anthropologists in adult skeletal age estimation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 57, 427-33.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01979.x
Garvin, H. M., Passalacqua, N. V., Uhl, N. M., Gipson, D. R., Overbury, R. S. and Cabo, L. L. 2012. Developments in forensic anthropology: age-at-death estimation, pp. 202-23 in Dirkmaat, D. C. (ed.), A Companion to Forensic Anthropology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118255377.ch10
Gilchrist, R. 2000. Archaeological biographies: realizing human lifecycles, - courses and -histories. World Archaeology 31, 325-8.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240009696924
Ginn, J. and Arber, S. 1995. 'Only connect': gender relations and ageing, pp. 1-14 in Arber, S. and Ginn, J. (eds.), Connecting Gender and Ageing: A Sociological Approach. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Gleize, Y., Castex, D. and Duday, H. 2007. An excessive ossification of costal cartilage linked to a traumatic pathology. Journal of Paleopathology 19, 47-56.
Godde, K. and Hens, S. M. 2012. Age-at-death estimation in an Italian historical sample: a test of the Suchey-Brooks and transition analysis methods. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 149, 259-65.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22126
Gowland, R. 2006. Ageing the past: examining age identity from funerary evidence, pp. 143-54 in Gowland, R. and Knüsel, C. (eds.), Social Archaeology of Funerary Remains. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Gowland, R. 2007. Age, ageism and osteological bias: the evidence from late Roman Britain. Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 65, 153-69.
Gowland, R. L. and Chamberlain, A. T. 2002. A Bayesian approach to ageing perinatal skeletal material from archaeological sites: implications for the evidence for infanticide in Roman-Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 677-85.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.2001.0776
Gowland, R. L. and Chamberlain, A. T. 2005. Detecting plague: palaeodemographic characterisation of a catastrophic death assemblage. Antiquity 79, 146-57.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003598X00113766
Holman, D. J., Wood, J. W. and O'Connor, K. A. 2002. Estimating age-at-death distributions from skeletal samples: a multivariate latent-trait approach, pp. 193-221 in Hoppa, R. W. and Vaupel, J. W. (eds.), Paleodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542428.010
Hoppa, R. D. 2000. Population variation in osteological aging criteria: an example from the pubic symphysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111, 185-91.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200002)111:2<185::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-4
Hoppa, R. D. and Vaupel, J. W. 2002. The Rostock Manifesto for paleodemography: the way from stage to age, pp. 1-8 in Hoppa, R. D. and Vaupel, J. W. (eds.), Paleodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542428.001
İşcan, M. Y. 1991. The aging process in the rib: an analysis of sex and ancestry-related morphological variation. American Journal of Human Biology 3, 147-56.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310030611
İşcan, M. Y. and Loth, S. R. 1989. Research strategies in age estimation: the multiregional approach, pp. 325-39 in İşcan, M. Y. (ed.), Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
İşcan, M. Y., Loth, S. R. and Wright, R. K. 1985. Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white females. Journal of Forensic Sciences 30, 853-63.
https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS11018J
İşcan, M. Y., Loth, S. R. and Wright, R. K. 1984a. Age estimation from the rib by phase analysis: white males. Journal of Forensic Sciences 29, 1094-104.
https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS11776J
İşcan, M. Y., Loth, S. R. and Wright, R. K. 1984b. Metamorphosis at the sternal rib end: a new method to estimate age at death in white males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 65, 147-56.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330650206
Jackman, S. 2009. Bayesian Analysis for the Social Sciences. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470686621
Johansen, H. C. 2002. Danish Population History from 1600-1939. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark.
Katz, D. and Suchey, J. M. 1986. Age determination of the male os pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 69, 427-35.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330690402
Kemkes-Grottenhaler, A. 2002. Aging through the ages: historical perspectives on age indicator methods, pp. 48-72 in Hoppa, R. D. and Vaupel, J. W. (eds.), Paleodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542428.004
Konigsberg, L. W. 2015. Multivariate cumulative probit for age estimation using ordinal categorical data. Annals of Human Biology 42, 366-76.
https://doi.org/10.3109/03014460.2015.1045430
Konigsberg, L. W. and Frankenberg, S. R. 1992. Estimation of age structure in anthropological demography. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89, 235-56.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330890208
Konigsberg, L. W. and Frankenberg, S. R. 1994. Paleodemography: 'not quite dead'. Evolutionary Anthropology 3, 92.
https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360030306
Konigsberg, L. W. and Frankenberg, S. R. 2002. Deconstructing death in paleodemography. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 117, 297-309.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10039
La Fontaine, J. 1986. An anthropological perspective on children in social worlds, pp. 10-30 in Richards, M. and Light, P. (eds.), Children of Social Worlds. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Lamendin, H., Baccino, E., Humbert, J. F., Tavernier, J. C., Nossintchouk, R. M. and Zerilli, A. 1992. A simple technique for age estimation in adult corpses: the two criteria dental method. Journal of Forensic Sciences 37, 1373-9.
https://doi.org/10.1520/JFS13327J
Larsen, C. S. 1987. Bioarchaeological interpretations of subsistence economy and behavior from human skeletal remains. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 10, 339-445.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-003110-8.50009-8
Lewis, M. 2007. The Bioarchaeology of Children. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Love, B. and Müller, H. G. 2002. A solution to the problem of obtaining a mortality schedule for paleodemographic data, pp. 181-92 in Hoppa, R. D. and Vaupel, J. W. (eds.), Paleodemography: Age Distributions from Skeletal Samples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542428.009
Lovejoy, C. O., Meindl, R. S., Mensforth, R. P. and Barton T. J. 1985a. Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death: a method and blind tests of its accuracy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680102
Lovejoy, C. O., Meindl, R. S., Pryzbeck, T. R. and Mensforth, R. P. 1985b. Chronological metamorphosis of the auricular surface of the ilium: a new method for the determination of adult skeletal age at death. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 15-28.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680103
Lucy, D., Aykroyd, R. G. and Pollard, A. M. 2002. Nonparametric calibration for age estimation. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 51C, 183-96.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9876.00262
Maaranen, N. 2015. Transition Analysis: A Validation Study on a Finnish Sample. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Bradford.
Malghem, J., van de Berg, B. C., Lecouvet, F. E. and Maldague, B. E. 2001. Costal cartilage fractures as revealed on CT and sonography. American Journal of Roentgenology 176, 429-32.
https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.176.2.1760429
Martins, R., Oliveira, P. E. and Schmitt, A. 2012. Estimation of age at death from the pubic symphysis and the auricular surface of the ilium using a smoothing procedure. Forensic Science International 219, 287.e1-287.e7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.11.031
Masset, C. 1989. Age estimation on the basis of cranial sutures, pp. 71-103 in İşcan, M. Y. (ed.), Age Markers in the Human Skeleton. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Mays, S. 2015. The effect of factors other than age upon skeletal age indicators in the adult. Annals of Human Biology 42, 332-41.
https://doi.org/10.3109/03014460.2015.1044470
McKern, T. and Stewart, T. 1957. Skeletal Age Changes in Young American Males: Analysed from the Standpoint of Age Identification. Natick: Headquarters Quartermaster Research and Development Command.
https://doi.org/10.21236/AD0147240
Meindl, R. S. and Lovejoy, C. O. 1985. Ectocranial suture closure: a revised method for the determination of skeletal age at death based on the lateral-anterior sutures. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68, 57-66.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330680106
Meindl, R. S. and Russell, K. F. 1998. Recent advances in method and theory in paleodemography. Annual Review of Anthropology 27, 375-99.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.27.1.375
Mensforth, R. P. 1990. Paleodemography of the Carlston Annis (Bt-5) Late Archaic skeletal population. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82, 81-99.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330820110
Merritt, C. E. 2015. The influence of body size on adult skeletal age estimation methods. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156, 35-57.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22626
Milner, G. R. and Boldsen, J. L. 2012. Transition analysis: a validation study with known-age modern American skeletons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 148, 98-110.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22047
Milner, G., Boldsen, J.L., Ousley, S.D, Getz, S.M., Weise, S. and Tarp, P. 2016. Estimating age from adult skeletons: new directions in Transition Analysis using a wide array of traits. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159, 231.
Moore, M. K. and Ross, A. H. 2013. Stature estimation, pp. 151-79 in DiGangi, E. A. and Moore, M. K. (eds.), Research Methods in Human Skeletal Biology. Oxford: Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385189-5.00006-6
Mulhern, D. M. and Jones, E. B. 2005. A test of revised method of age estimation from the auricular surface of the ilium. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 126, 61-5.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10410
Nagaoka, T. and Hirata, K. 2008. Demographic structure of skeletal populations in historic Japan: a new estimation of adult age-at-death distributions based on the auricular surface of the ilium. Journal of Archaeological Science 135,1370-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2007.10.002
Nagaoka, T., Ishida, H., Shimoda, Y., Sunagawa, M., Amano, T., Ono, H. and Hirata, K. 2012. Estimation of skeletal adult age distribution of Okhotsk people in northern Japan. Anthropological Science 120, 103-13.
https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.1107311
Naji, S., Colard, T., Blondiaux, J., Bertrand, B., d'Incau, E. and Bocquet-Appel, J.-P. 2016. Cementochronology, to cut or not to cut? International Journal of Palaeopathology 15, 113-19. Navani, S., Shah, J. F. and Levy, P. S. 1970. Determination of sex by costal cartilage calcification. American Journal of Roentgenology 108, 771-4.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.05.003
Niinimäki, S. 2012. The relationship between musculoskeletal stress markers and biomechanical properties of the humeral diaphysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 147, 618-28.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22023
Peters, K. D., Kochanek, K. D. and Murphy, S. L. 1998. Deaths: final data for 1996. National Vital Statistics Reports 47, 1-100.
Prince, D. A., Kimmerle, E. H. and Konigsberg, L. W. 2008. A Bayesian approach to estimate skeletal age-at-death utilizing dental wear. Journal of Forensic Sciences 53, 588-93.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00714.x
Rejtarová, O., Hejna, P., Rejtar, P., Bukač, J., Slížová, D. and Krs, O. 2009. Sexual dimorphism of ossified costal cartilage. Radiographic scan study on Caucasian men and women (Czech population). Forensic Science International 191, 110. e1-110.e5.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.06.009
Rissech, C., Wilson, J., Winburn, A. P., Turbón, D. and Steadman, D. 2012. A comparison of three established age estimation methods on an adult Spanish sample. International Journal of Legal Medicine 126, 145-55.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-011-0586-1
Sanders, C. F. 1966. Sexing by costal cartilage calcification. British Journal of Radiology 39, 233-4.
https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-39-459-233-a
Sanders, C. F. 1971. The radiological appearances of the costal cartilages in 204 post mortem specimens. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 77, 311-12.
Saul, F. P. and Saul, J. M. 1989. Osteobiography: a Maya example, pp. 287-302 in İşcan, M. Y. and Kennedy, K. A. R. (eds.), Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton. New York: Alan R. Liss.
Saunders, S. R., Fitzgerald, C., Rogers, T., Dudar, C. and McKillop, H. 1992. A test of several methods of skeletal age estimation using a documented archaeological sample. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 25, 97-118.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00085030.1992.10757005
Schildkrout, E. 1978. Age and gender in Hausa society: socioeconomic roles of children in urban Kano, pp. 109-38 in La Fontaine, L. (ed.), Sex and Age as Principles of Social Differentiation. London: Academic Press.
Söderholm, N. 2002. Den Anatomiska Bensamlingen vid Helsingfors Universitet. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Helsinki.
Sofaer J. 2006. The Body as Material Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511816666
Stigler, S. 1986. The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Stuerson, B., Selvik, G. and Uden, A. 1989. Movements of the sacroiliac joints. A roentgen stereophotometric analysis.Spine 14, 162-5.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198902000-00004
Telkkä, A. 1949. Über die Asymmetrien der Langen Gliedmassenknochen bei den Finnen. Helsinki: Tiedeakatemis.
Telkkä, A. 1950. On the prediction of human stature from the long bones. Acta Anatomica 9, 103-7.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000140434
Todd, T. W. 1920. Age changes in the pubic bone I. The male white pubis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3, 285-334.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330030301
Todd, T. W. 1921. Age changes in the public bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 4, 407-24.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330040403
Ubelaker, D. H. 2010. A history of methodology in the estimation of age at death from the skeleton, pp. xvii-xxv in Latham, K. E. and Finnegan, J. M. (eds.), Age Estimation from the Human Skeleton. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
Uhl, N. M. 2008. ADBOU age-at-death estimation in South Africa, p. 211 in O'Rourke, D. H. (ed.), Proceedings of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists 77th Annual Meeting. Hoboken: Wiley Periodicals.
Uhl, N. 2013. Age-at-death estimation, pp. 63-90 in DiGangi, E. A. and Moore, M. K. (eds.), Research Methods in Human Skeletal Biology. Oxford: Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385189-5.00003-0
Van Gerven, D. P. and Armelagos, G. J. 1983. 'Farewell to paleodemography?' Rumors of its death have been greatly exaggerated. Journal of Human Evolution 12, 353-60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2484(83)80162-6
Wescott, D. J. and Drew, J. L. 2015. Effect of obesity on the reliability of age-at-death indicators of the pelvis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 156, 595-605.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22674
Wittwer-Backofen, U., Gampe, J. and Vaupel, W. 2004. Tooth cementum annulation for age estimation: results from a large known-age validation study. American Journal of Human Biology 122, 119-29.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10303
Wolff, K., Hadadi, E. and Vas, Z. 2013. A novel multidisciplinary approach toward a better understanding of cranial suture closure: the first evidence of genetic effects in adulthood. American Journal of Human Biology 25, 835-43.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 AmS-Skrifter
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.