A Matter of Politics
The Effects of the Political Context on Social Work in Norway and Bolivia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v12i1.146Keywords:
child welfare policies, Norway and Bolivia, clientelism, Latin America, FukuyamaAbstract
To which extent do dysfunctional political systems lead to everyday challenges for social workers? Moreover, how do social workers benefit from working in well-ordered democracies? The purpose of this paper is to gain insights into how the interplay between the political context and social work actually operates. Our main question is: How do accountability and state capacity levels affect daily social work? This interplay frequently becomes associated with levels of democracy and redistribution. We also draw attention to how social workers’ are dependent on the capacity of the state to implement policies.
We compare social work and the political and legal contexts in two widely different polities – Norway and Bolivia.
Our primary findings indicate that the effects of generally unfavourable political conditions permeate the possibilities for effective social work in previously unforeseen ways. Coordination problems, clientelism and political rivalry lead to everyday challenges on the ground, as many problems seem to reflect the overall institutional system and political culture. In well-ordered political systems, these problems are hardly an issue.
In our concluding discussion, we address how the nature of the institutional system and political culture apparently might call for a differentiated approach towards reform strategies. For instance, progressive politicians, citizens and social workers advocating a policy transfer could face severe hindrances in polities, thus comprising weak state capacities.
References
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Halvorsen, K. (1991). Innføring i sosialpolitikk. Oslo: Tano.
Hatland, A., Kuhnle, S., & Romøren, T. I. (1994). Den norske velferdsstaten. Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.
Healy, K. (2005). Social work in context. New York: Palgrave.
Hernes, G., & Hippe, J. M. (2007). Kollektivistisk individualisme. Epilog. In J. E. Dølvik, T. Fløtten, G. Hernes, & J. M. Hippe (Eds.), Hamskifte. Den norske modellen i endring. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
Hippe, J. M., & Berge, Ø. (2013). Ombyggingens periode 1990–2012 (FAFO-rapport 2013/15). Oslo; FAFO. Retrieved from: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20305/20305.pdf
Huber, E., & Bogliaccini, J. (2010). Latin America. In F. Castles, S. Leibfried, J. Lewis, H. Obinger, & C. Pierson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (pp. 644-655). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hutchinson, G. H, & Oltedal, S. (2003). Modeller i sosialt arbeid. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
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Juhasz, I. B., & Skivenes, M. (2016). Child welfare workers’ experiences of obstacles in care order preparation: A cross-country comparison”. European Journal of Social Work, 19(Nov.), 1-14. doi: 10.1080/13691457.2016.1256868
Jones, T., & Newburn, T. (2006). Policy Transfer and Criminal Justice. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Kriz, K., & Skivenes, M. (2012). Child-centric or family focused? A study of child welfare workers’ perceptions of ethnic minority children in England and Norway. Child & Family Social Work, 17(4), 448–457.
Kuhnle, S., & Solheim, L. (1985). Velferdsstaten –vekst og omstilling. Oslo: Tano.
Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2013). «Inequality and social policy in Latin America». In B. Greve (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State (pp. 232-241). New York: Routledge.
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Nogales, C., & Katya, A. (2015). Policy transfer: A tool for political development. A comparative study of child welfare services between Norway and Bolivia. Erasmus Mundus Master in Social Work with Families and Children, University of Stavanger.
Nullmeier, F., & Kaufmann, F. X. (2010). Post-War Welfare State Development. In F. Castles, S. Leibfried, J. Lewis, H. Obinger & C. Pierson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (pp. 81-102). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Peña, C. (2012). ‘Gobiernos autónomos hoy – El desafío de los cambios. In Ministerio de Autonomías (Eds.), Ensayos sobre la autonomía en Bolivia, La Paz-Bolivia: Diseños Digitales. Retrieved from: http://www.autonomia.gob.bo/portal3/images/ensayos_sobre_autonomias.pdf
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Skivenes, M. (2014). Et tydelig mandat for å hjelpe barn. Fontene, 5 (5).
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Weber, M. (1980). Makt og byråkrati. Oslo: Gyldendal.
Welzel, C. (2009). Theories of democratization. In: C. Haerpfer, P. Bernhagen, R. F. Inglehart & C. Welzel (Eds.), Democratization (pp. 74–90). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Bank (2014). Worldwide Governance Indicators. Retrieved from: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx# home
Zahl, M. A. (2003). Innledning. In M.A. Zahl (Ed.), Sosialt arbeid. Refleksjon og handling (pp. 9–14). Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, J. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Power. 2012. London: Profile books.
Andersen, S. S. (1997). Case-studier og generaliseringer. Forskningsstrategi og design. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Arocena, F. (2008). Multiculturalism in Brazil, Bolivia and Peru. Race & Class, 49(4), 1-21.
Askeland, G.A. (2015). Internasjonalt arbeid i globaliseringens tid. In I. T. Ellingsen, I. Levin, B. Berg & L. C. Kleppe (Eds.), Sosialt arbeid. En grunnbok. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 284–298.
Aspalter, C. (2013). Real-typical and ideal-typical methods in comparative social policy. In B. Greve (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Welfare State, Ch. 29, London: Routledge.
Barth, E., Moene, K., & Wallerstein M. (2003). Likhet under press. Utfordringer for denskandinaviske fordelingsmodellen. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
Bull, T. (2015). Slutten på de gylne tidene. Rogalands Avis,pp. 22–23.
Bryman, A. (2012). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Castañeda, M. P., & Salamé Coulon, A. M. (2014). Chilean social work and military dictatorship. Predictatorial professional memory: Period 1960-1973. Agents of social change and professional trauma. Rumbos TS, 9(9), 8-25.
Castles, F. G. (1993). Families of nations. Patterns of public policy in Western democracies. Aldershot, Hampshire: Dartmouth.
Castles, F. G. (1998). Comparative public policy. Patterns of post-war transformation. Cheltenham, Gloucestershire: Edward Elgar.
Castles, F. G., & Obinger, H. (2008). Worlds, Families, Regimes. Country Clusters in European and OECD Area Public Policy. West European Politics, 31(2), 321–344.
Child Rights International Network (2010). Bolivia: Child Rights References in the Universal Periodic Review. Retrieved from: https://www.crin.org/en/library/publications/bolivia-child-rights-references-universal-periodic-review
Collin-Hansen, R. (2005). Velferdsstaten, sosialarbeiderne og fatigdom i barnefamilier. In M.A. Zahl (Ed.), Sosialt arbeid. Refleksjon og handling (pp. 121–146). Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
De Sandoval, P. X. (2013). La cúpula judicial de Bolivia defiende que Morales pueda ser reelegido otra vez. El Pais. Retrieved from: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2013/05/22/actualidad/1369258754_142487.html
Dolowitz, D. P. (2003). A Policy-Maker’s Guide to Policy Transfer, The Political Quarterly, 74(1), 101–109.
Dolowitz, D. P., & Marsh, D. (1996). Who Learns What from Whom? A Review of the Policy Transfer Literature. Political Studies, 44 (2), 343–57.
Dolowitz, D. P., Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from Abroad: The Role of Policy Transfer in Contemporary Policy Making. Governance, 13(1), 5–24.
Dølvik, J. E. (2013). Grunnpillarene i de nordiske modellene. FAFO-rapport 13/13. Available at: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20303/20303
Dølvik, J. E., Fløtten, T., Hernes, G., & Hippe, J. M. (2007). Hamskifte. Den norske modellen i endring. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
Eriksson, R. (2016). Bare gjør det. Oslo: Kagge Folrag.
Ergo, T., & Aass, H. P. (2016). Tar selvkritikk for Glassjenta-håndtering. Stavanger Aftenblad. Retrieved from: http://www.aftenbladet.no/nyheter/lokalt/stavanger/Tar-selvkritikk-for-Glassjenta-handtering-3998326.html
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Evans, M. (2009). Policy Transfer in Critical Perspective. Policy Studies, 30(3), 243–68.
European Network of Ombudsperson for Children (2010). Bolivia: Child Rights References in the Universal Periodic Review. Retrieved from: http://enoc.crin.org/en/library/publications/bolivia-child-rights-references-universal-periodic-review
Fawcett, P., & Marsh, D. (2012). ‘Policy Transfer and Policy Success: The Case of the Gateway Review Process (2001–10)’, Government and Opposition, 47(2), 162-185.
Federation forum (2010). Federalism in South America. Retrieved from: http://www.forumfed.org/en/where/south-america.php
Fellesorganisasjonen (2015). Yrkesetisk grunnlagsdokument for barnevernspedagoger, sosionomer, vernepleiere og velferdsvitere (Fellesorganisasjonen, 6. kongress). Retrieved from: https://www.fo.no/getfile.php/1320310/01%20Om%20FO/Hefter%20og%20publikasjoner/Yrkesetisk%20grunnlagsdokument_2015.pdf
Fukuyama, F. (2012). The Origins of Political Order. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Fukuyama, F. (2014). Political Order and Decay. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Fylkesmannen (2016). Dei forstod meg ikkje (Tilsynsrapport. Fylkesmannen i Hordaland). Retrieved from: https://www.fylkesmannen.no/PageFiles/835164/Dei%20forsto%20meg%20ikkje%20-%20tilsynsrapport.pdf
Gilbert, N., Parton, N., & Skivenes, M. (Eds.) (2011c). Child Protection Systems. International Trends and Orientations. New York: Oxford University Press.
Greener, I. (2002). Understanding NHS reform: “The policy-transfer, social learning and path dependency perspectives”, Governance, 15(2), 161-183.
Gough, I.; & Therborn, G. (2010). The global future of the welfare state. In F. Castles, S. Leibfried, J. Lewis, H. Obinger & C. Pierson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (pp. 703-720). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Halvorsen, K. (1991). Innføring i sosialpolitikk. Oslo: Tano.
Hatland, A., Kuhnle, S., & Romøren, T. I. (1994). Den norske velferdsstaten. Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk.
Healy, K. (2005). Social work in context. New York: Palgrave.
Hernes, G., & Hippe, J. M. (2007). Kollektivistisk individualisme. Epilog. In J. E. Dølvik, T. Fløtten, G. Hernes, & J. M. Hippe (Eds.), Hamskifte. Den norske modellen i endring. Oslo: Gyldendal Akademisk.
Hippe, J. M., & Berge, Ø. (2013). Ombyggingens periode 1990–2012 (FAFO-rapport 2013/15). Oslo; FAFO. Retrieved from: http://www.fafo.no/pub/rapp/20305/20305.pdf
Huber, E., & Bogliaccini, J. (2010). Latin America. In F. Castles, S. Leibfried, J. Lewis, H. Obinger, & C. Pierson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (pp. 644-655). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hutchinson, G. H, & Oltedal, S. (2003). Modeller i sosialt arbeid. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
IFSW (2012). The International Federation of Social Workers. Statement of ethical principles, March 12. 2012. Retrieved from: http://ifsw.org/policies/statement-of-ethical-principles/
IFSW (2014). The International Federation of Social Workers. Global definition of Social work. July 2014. Retrieved from: http://ifsw.org/get-involved/global-definition-of-social-work/
Johansen, I. (2014). Turnover i det kommunale barnevernet (Statistics of Norway, reports 2014/18).
Johnsen, G. (2013). De fornøyde brukerne. In E. Marthinsen & W. Lichtwarck (Eds.), Det nye barnevernet (pp. 129-141). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Juhasz, I. B., & Skivenes, M. (2016). Child welfare workers’ experiences of obstacles in care order preparation: A cross-country comparison”. European Journal of Social Work, 19(Nov.), 1-14. doi: 10.1080/13691457.2016.1256868
Jones, T., & Newburn, T. (2006). Policy Transfer and Criminal Justice. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
Kriz, K., & Skivenes, M. (2012). Child-centric or family focused? A study of child welfare workers’ perceptions of ethnic minority children in England and Norway. Child & Family Social Work, 17(4), 448–457.
Kuhnle, S., & Solheim, L. (1985). Velferdsstaten –vekst og omstilling. Oslo: Tano.
Lloyd-Sherlock, P. (2013). «Inequality and social policy in Latin America». In B. Greve (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State (pp. 232-241). New York: Routledge.
Markoff, J., & White, A. (2009). The Global Wave of Democratization. In C. Haerpfer, P. Bernhagen, R. F. Inglehart & C. Welzel (Eds.), Democratization, (pp. 55-71). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moene, K., & Wallerstein, M. (2006). The Scandinavian Model and Economic Development. (Development Outreach, World Bank Institute, February 2006).
Nogales, C., & Katya, A. (2015). Policy transfer: A tool for political development. A comparative study of child welfare services between Norway and Bolivia. Erasmus Mundus Master in Social Work with Families and Children, University of Stavanger.
Nullmeier, F., & Kaufmann, F. X. (2010). Post-War Welfare State Development. In F. Castles, S. Leibfried, J. Lewis, H. Obinger & C. Pierson (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State (pp. 81-102). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
OECD (2005). Economic survey of Norway. Retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/norway/economicsurveyofnorway2005.htm
OECD (2015). Early childhood and care. Policy review, Norway. Retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/norway/Early-Childhood-Education-and-Care-Policy-Review-Norway.pdf
Oelsner, A. Bain, M. ( 2009). Latin America. In C. Haerpfer, P. Bernhagen, R. F. Inglehart & C. Welzel (Eds.), Democratization, (pp. 290-307). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Peña, C. (2012). ‘Gobiernos autónomos hoy – El desafío de los cambios. In Ministerio de Autonomías (Eds.), Ensayos sobre la autonomía en Bolivia, La Paz-Bolivia: Diseños Digitales. Retrieved from: http://www.autonomia.gob.bo/portal3/images/ensayos_sobre_autonomias.pdf
Rothstein, B. (1994). Hvad bör staten göra? Stockholm: SNS.
Rothstein, B. (2015). Menneskelig velferd og statsvitenskapens tapte relevans» Nytt norsk tidsskrift, 31(1), 25-41.
Skivenes, M. (2014). Et tydelig mandat for å hjelpe barn. Fontene, 5 (5).
Swope, C. (2014). How Medellín revived itself. Retrieved from: http://www.citiscope.org/story/2014/how-medell%C3%ADn-revived-itself-part-3-reforms-hand-colombia-mayors-and-cities-more-power
The National Institute of Statistics (2011). Bolivia Report 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.ine.gob.bo/indice/indice.aspx?d1=0309&d2=6
Titmuss, R. M. (1974). Social policy: An introduction. London: George Allen & Unwin
UNDP (2015). United Nations Development Report 2014. Retrieved from: http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2014
UiS (2016). University of Stavanger [description of the MEM-program]. Retrieved from: http://student.uis.no/studprog/?ext=1&q=M-FAMILY
UNICEF (2013). Child well-being in rich countries. A comparative overview. Retrieved from: http://www.unicef.org.uk/Images/Campaigns/FINAL_RC11-ENG-LORES-fnl2.pdf.
United Nations (2014). 2014 Human Development Report. Retrieved from: http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/2014-human-development-report.html
The United Nations Office at Geneva (2015). Human Rights Council Adopts Outcomes Of Universal Periodic Review Of Bolivia, Fiji, And San Marino. Retrieved from: http://www.unog.ch/unog/website/news_media.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear_en%29/AEBC1AC3BCB32F91C1257E0C00604C6B?OpenDocument (Accessed May 2015).
Vulliamy, E. (2013). Medellían, Columbia: Reinventing the most dangerous city in the world. Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/medellin-colombia-worlds-most-dangerous-city
Weber, M. (1980). Makt og byråkrati. Oslo: Gyldendal.
Welzel, C. (2009). Theories of democratization. In: C. Haerpfer, P. Bernhagen, R. F. Inglehart & C. Welzel (Eds.), Democratization (pp. 74–90). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
World Bank (2014). Worldwide Governance Indicators. Retrieved from: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx# home
Zahl, M. A. (2003). Innledning. In M.A. Zahl (Ed.), Sosialt arbeid. Refleksjon og handling (pp. 9–14). Bergen: Fagbokforlaget.
Published
2017-04-21
How to Cite
Tuastad, S., & Crespo, K. N. (2017). A Matter of Politics: The Effects of the Political Context on Social Work in Norway and Bolivia. Journal of Comparative Social Work, 12(1), 38–64. https://doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v12i1.146
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