The financial crisis and recent family policy reforms in Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom
Is there a connection?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v8i2.104Keywords:
financial crisis, family policy, reform, Finland, Germany, United KingdomAbstract
The turmoil created by the financial crisis and economic recession in Europe has served as an impetus for austerity measures in many countries. In this article, we ask whether these crises have also triggered reforms in family policy, and we focus on three European welfare states – Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom – countries that are often considered members of different family policy regimes. The article addresses two main research questions. The first one relates to the number, direction and magnitude of family policy reforms in these three countries since the beginning of the financial crisis in 2008/2009, while in the second we discuss whether the reforms observed during this period can be seen as being related to the financial crisis and its later repercussions on the Euro-zone area, or if there are other explanations.
References
Anttonen, A., & Sipilä, J. (2000). Suomalaista sosiaalipolitiikkaa. Tampere: Vastapaino.
BBC News (2012). Q and A: Welfare Bill flashpoints. 2 February 2012.
Bjon, S. (2013). "Om inte blod, så svett och tårar". Hufvudstadsbladet, 29.8.2013.
Bogenschneider, K., & Corbett, J. C. (2010). Family Policy: Becoming a Field of Inquiry and Subfield of Social Policy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72/June, 783– 803.
Bonoli, G. (2001). Political institutions, veto points, and the process of welfare state adaption. In P. Pierson (Ed.), The New Politics of the Welfare State (pp. 248–264). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brant, R. (2010). Welfare benefit reforms unveiled by government. BBC News, 2 October 2010.
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend [BMFSFJ] (2011). Familienreport 2011. Berlin: BMFSFJ.
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend [BMFSFJ] (2010). Eine moderne Familienpolitik sichert faire Chancen für Eltern und Kinder. Pressemittelilungen 7.6.2010. Available at: http://www.bmfsfj.de/BMFSFJ/Presse/pressemitteilungen,did=141072.html (accessed 1 June 2012).
Bundesregierung (2009). Wachstum, Bildung, Zusammenhalt. Der koalitionsvertrag zwischen CDU, CSU und FDP 2009, 17. Legislaturperiode. Available at: http://www.cdu.de/doc/pdfc/091026-koalitionsvertrag-cducsu-fdp.pdf (accessed 12
August 2011).
Clasen, J. (2005). Reforming European Welfare States. Germany and United Kingdom compared. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Crouch, C. (2011). The strange non-death of neoliberalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Daly, M. (2010). Shifts in family policy in the UK under New Labour. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(5), 433–443.
Daly, M. (2000). The Gender Division of Welfare: The Impact of the British and German Welfare States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Der Spiegel (2011). Shrinking Population, Growing Poverty: Germany Offers Alarming Statistics on Children, 4 August 2011.
Deutscher Bundestag (2006). Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der CDU/CSU und SPD: Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einführung des Elterngeldes. BT-Drucksache 16/1889.
Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag.
Suomen eduskunta (2012). Lapsiperheiden hyvinvoinnin turvaaminen. Keskustelu välikysymyksestä VK 3/2012 vp. Available at: http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/ptk_26_2012_ke_p_1.shtml (accessed 9 June 2012).
Easton, M. (2011). Child poverty in UK 'likely to get worse'. BBC News, 28 April 2011.
Erler, D. (2009). Germany: taking a Nordic turn? In S. Kamerman, & P. Moss (Eds.), The politics of parental leave policies (pp. 119–134). Bristol: Policy Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2005). Children in the welfare state. A social investment approach. DemoSoc working paper, 2005:10. Barcelona: Univesitat Pompeu Fabra.
Esping-Andersen, G., Gallie, D., Hemerijck, A., & Myles, J. (2002). Why we need a New Welfare State, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
European Commission (2011). European Economy, Spring. Brussels: European Commission, DG ECFIN.
European Commission (2012). Social protection systems – MISSOC. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=815 (accessed 12 June 2012–
25 January 2013).
Eurostat (2012). Statistics database. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database (accessed 25 January 2013).
Fagnani, J. (2012). Recent reforms in childcare and family policies in France and Germany: What was at stake? Children and Youth Services Review, 43(3), 509–516.
Farnsworth, K., & Irving, Z. (Eds.) (2011). Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems. Bristol: Policy Press.
Farnsworth, K. (2011). From economic crisis to a new age of austerity: the UK. In K. Farnsworth, & Z. Irving (Eds.), Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems (pp. 251–270). Bristol. Policy Press.
Ferrarini, T. (2006). Families, States and Labour Markets. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Finch, N. (2008). Family policies in the UK. In I. Ostner, & C. Schmitt (Eds.), Family Policies in the Context of Family Change (pp. 129–154). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
Forssén, K., Jaakola, A-M., & Ritakallio, V-M. (2008). Family Policies in Finland. In I. ; & C. Schmitt (Eds.), Family Policies in the Context of Family Change (pp. 75–88). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
Fox, H. (2009). A family-friendly Germany: Family policy reforms take off. DW AKADEMIE, 3.9.2009. Available at: HTTP://WWW.DW.DE/DW/ARTICLE/0,,4617912,00.HTML (accessed 20 June 2011).
Gauthier, A. H. (2002). Family policies in industrialized countries: Is there convergence? Population, 57(2), 447–474.
Gauthier, A. H. (1996). The State and the Family: A Comparative Analysis of Family Policies in Industrialized Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gestrin-Hagner, M. (2012). Subjektiva rätten till dagvård hotad. Hufvudstadsbladet, 3 mars 2012. Available at: http://hbl.fi/nyheter/2012-03-03/subjektiva-ratten-till- dagvard-hotad (accessed 15 March 2013).
Government of Finland (2011). An open, fair and confident Finland. Programme of Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen’s Government, 22.6.2011. Available at: http://valtioneuvosto.fi/hallitus/hallitusohjelma/en.jsp (accessed 12 August 2011).
Hay, C., & Winncott, D. (2012). The Political Economy of European Welfare Capitalism. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Heise, A., & Lierse, H. (2011). The Effects of European Austerity Programmes on Social Security Systems. Modern Economy, 2, 498–513.
Henninger, A., Wimbauer, C., & Dombrowski, R. (2008). Demography as a Push Toward Gender Equality? Current Reforms of German Family Policy. Social Politics, 15(3), 287–314.
Henricson, C. (2012). A revolution in family policy. Where we should go from here. Bristol: Policy Press.
Hiilamo, H. (2002). The rise and fall of Nordic family policy? Historical development and changes during the 1990s in Sweden and Finland. Helsinki: Stakes.
Hiilamo, H. (2006). Akantappolaista isäkiintiöön. Perhepolitiikan pitkä linja Suomessa ja Ruotsissa. Helsinki: Stakes.
HM Government (2010). Freedom, Fairness, Responsibility. Government programme, May 2010. Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/the- coalition/programme-for-government/ (accessed 12 August 2011).
HM Government (2011). PM’s speech on Big Society. Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/pms-speech-on-big-society/ (accessed 20 April 2012).
HM Government (2012). Speech by Prime Minister David Cameron on welfare, 25th June, 2012.Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/welfare-speech/ (accessed 2 August 2012).
HM Treasury (2013). Public spending statistics, July 2013. London: HM Treasury. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/21119 3/01_Public_Spending_Statistics_July_2013.pdf (accessed 10 July 2013).
Hudson, J., & Kuhner, S. (2011). Tiptoeing through crisis? Re-evaluating the German social model in light of the global recession. In K. Farnsworth, & Z. Irving (Eds.), Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems (pp. 159– 180). Bristol. Policy Press.
Immervoll, H., & Richardson, L. (2011). Redistribution Policy and Inequality Reduction in OECD Countries: What Has Changed in Two Decades? OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 122. Paris: OECD. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en (accessed 10 November 2012).
Kamerman, S. B., & Kahn, A. J. (2003). Child and family policies in an era of social policy retrenchment and restructuring. In K. Vleminckx, & T. M. Smeeding (Eds.), Child well-being, child poverty and child policy in modern nations (pp. 501–525).
Bristol: The Policy Press.
Kaufmann, F-X. (2002). Politics and policies towards the family in Europe: A framework and enquiry into their differences and convergences. In F-X. Kaufmann,
A. Kuijsten, H-J. Schulze, & K. P. Strohmeier (Eds.), Family Life and Family Policies in Europe. Vol. 2: Problems and Issues in Comparative Perspective (pp. 419–490), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Korpi, W. (2000). Faces of Inequality: Gender, Class, and Patterns of Inequalities in Different Types of Welfare States. Social Politics, 7(2), 127–191.
Krugman, P. (2013). End this depression now. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company.
Kuivalainen, S., & Niemelä, M. (2010). From universalism to selectivism: The ideational turn of the anti-poverty policies in Finland. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(3), 263–276.
Lammi-Taskula, J., & Takala, P. (2009). Finland: Negotiating tripartite compromises. In S. Kamerman, & P. Moss (Eds.), The politics of parental leave policies (pp. 87– 102). Bristol: Policy Press.
Lammi-Taskula, J., & Salmi, M. (2010). Lapsiperheiden toimeentulo lamasta lamaan. In M. Vaarama, P. Moisio, & S. Karvonen (Eds.), Suomalaisten hyvinvointi (pp. 198– 214). Helsinki: Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos.
Leitner, S., Ostner, I., & Schmitt, C. (2008). Family Policies in Germany. In I. Ostner, I. & C. Schmitt (Eds.), Family Policies in the Context of Family Change (pp. 175-202). Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Lister, R. (2009). A Nordic Nirvana? Gender, Citizenship, and Social Justice in the Nordic Welfare States. Social Politics, 16(2), 242–278.
Lister, R. (2006). An agenda for children: Investing in the future or promoting well- being in the present? In J. Lewis (Ed.), Children, changing families and welfare states (pp. 51–66). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Lorenz, W. (1994). Social work in a changing Europe. London: Routledge.
McDonald, C., Harris, J., & Wintersteen, R. (2003). Contingent on Context? Social Work and the State in Australia, Britain, and the USA. The British Journal of Social Work, 33(2), 191–208
Millar, J. (2011). Desperately seeking security. UK family policy, lone mothers and paid work. Family Matters, 2011/87, 27–36.
Morel, N., Palier, B., & Palme, J. (2012). Beyond the welfare state as we knew it. In N. Morel, B. Palier, & J. Palme (Eds.), Towards a social investment state (pp. 1–30)? Bristol: Policy Press.
Montanari, I. (2000). From family wage to marriage subsidy and child benefits: Controversy and consensus in the development of family support. Journal of European Social Policy, 10(4), 307–333.
Nygård, M. (2012). The financial crisis and recent family-policy changes in Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom – toward workfare or social investment? Paper to the 10th ESPANET Conference, Edinburgh, 6-9 September 2012.
Nygård, M., & Krüger, N. (2012). Poverty, families and the investment state. The impact of social investment ideas on political elite discourses in Finland and Germany. European Societies, 14(5), 755–777.
Nygård, M. (2010). Family policy in the context of social change and post- industrialism. A study of family policy positions among Finnish parties 1970-2007. Social & Public Policy Review, 4(1), 50–78.
Nygård, M. (2003). Välfärdsstaten, partierna och marknaden. Den välfärdsideologiska förändringen inom fyra finländska partier under 1990-talet. Åbo: Åbo Akademis förlag.
OECD (2012). Statistics from A to Z. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/statistics/ (accessed 15 June 2012).
Office for National Statistics (2013a). GDP and the Labour Market, 2013 Q1, June GDP Update. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/gdp-and-the-labour- market/2013-q1--june-gdp-update/sum-june13-gdp.html (accessed at 10 July 2013).
Office for National statistics (2013b). Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK and EU, 2005-2011. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/household-income/poverty- and-social-exclusion-in-the-uk-and-eu/2005-2011/rpt--poverty-and-social- exclusion.html (accessed 10 July 2013).
Pierson P. (1994). Dismantling the welfare state? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quinn, T. (2011). From New Labour to New Politics: The British General Election of 2010. West European Politics, 34 (2), 403–411.
Rasche, U (2012). Betreuungsgeld Systemrelevant: die Familie. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 November 2012.
Reich, R. (2007). Supercapitalism. The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life. New York: Vintage Books.
Reinhard, C. & Rogoff, K. (2011). This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Richardson, D. (2010). Child and Family Policies in a Time of Economic Crisis. Children & Society, volume 24, (2010), 495–508.
Rodrik, D. (2011). The Globalization Paradox. Why global markets, states, and democracy can’t coexist. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ruggie, John G. (1982). International regimes, transactions, and change: Embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order. International Organization, 36(2), 379–415.
Sainsbury, D. (1999). Gender and Welfare State Regimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schmidt, D. (2009). Kanzlerin Merkel stellt ihre neuen Ziele vor. Die Welt 10.11.2009. Available at: http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article5152608/Kanzlerin-Merkel- stellt-ihre-neuen-Ziele-vor.html (accessed 12 October 2011).
Seeleib-Kaiser, M. (2010). Socio-Economic Change, Party Competition and Intra-Party Conflict: The Family Policy of the Grand Coalition. German Politics, 19(3-4), 416–428.
Sellgren, K (2012). Child benefit loss will see parents cut necessities. BBC News 7 March 2012.
Siim, B., & Borchorst, A. (2005). The women-friendly welfare states revisited. In N. Kildal, & S. Kuhnle (Eds.), Normative Foundations of the Welfare State. The Nordic experience (pp. 97–111). London: Routledge.
Statistische Bundesamt (2013). Arbeitsmarkt. Available at: https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesamtwirtschaftUmwelt/Arbeitsmarkt/Arb eitsmarkt.html (accessed 10 July 2013).
Statistics Finland (2013). Labour Market. Available at: http://www.stat.fi/til/tym_en.html (accessed 10 July 2013).
STM (2006). Social Welfare and Health Report 2006, Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
STM (2012). Lapsilisien indeksitarkastukset jäädytetään. STM Tiedote 153/2012. Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2001). The Politics of Welfare in Europe. In P. Taylor-Gooby (Ed.), Welfare states under pressure (pp. 1–35). London: Sage.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004). New Risks and Social Change. In P. Taylor-Gooby (Ed.), New Risks, New Welfare. The Transformation of the European Welfare State (pp. 1– 28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thévenon, O. (2011). Family Policies in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Population and Development Review, 37(1), 57–87.
Timonen, V. (2003). Restructuring the Welfare State. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Vis, B. (2010). The Politics of Risk-taking. Welfare state reform in advanced democracies. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
Yeasmin, S., & Rahman, K. F. (2012). 'Triangulation' Research Method as the Tool of Social Science Research. BUP JOURNAL, 1(1), 1
BBC News (2012). Q and A: Welfare Bill flashpoints. 2 February 2012.
Bjon, S. (2013). "Om inte blod, så svett och tårar". Hufvudstadsbladet, 29.8.2013.
Bogenschneider, K., & Corbett, J. C. (2010). Family Policy: Becoming a Field of Inquiry and Subfield of Social Policy. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72/June, 783– 803.
Bonoli, G. (2001). Political institutions, veto points, and the process of welfare state adaption. In P. Pierson (Ed.), The New Politics of the Welfare State (pp. 248–264). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brant, R. (2010). Welfare benefit reforms unveiled by government. BBC News, 2 October 2010.
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend [BMFSFJ] (2011). Familienreport 2011. Berlin: BMFSFJ.
Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend [BMFSFJ] (2010). Eine moderne Familienpolitik sichert faire Chancen für Eltern und Kinder. Pressemittelilungen 7.6.2010. Available at: http://www.bmfsfj.de/BMFSFJ/Presse/pressemitteilungen,did=141072.html (accessed 1 June 2012).
Bundesregierung (2009). Wachstum, Bildung, Zusammenhalt. Der koalitionsvertrag zwischen CDU, CSU und FDP 2009, 17. Legislaturperiode. Available at: http://www.cdu.de/doc/pdfc/091026-koalitionsvertrag-cducsu-fdp.pdf (accessed 12
August 2011).
Clasen, J. (2005). Reforming European Welfare States. Germany and United Kingdom compared. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Crouch, C. (2011). The strange non-death of neoliberalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Daly, M. (2010). Shifts in family policy in the UK under New Labour. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(5), 433–443.
Daly, M. (2000). The Gender Division of Welfare: The Impact of the British and German Welfare States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Der Spiegel (2011). Shrinking Population, Growing Poverty: Germany Offers Alarming Statistics on Children, 4 August 2011.
Deutscher Bundestag (2006). Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der CDU/CSU und SPD: Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Einführung des Elterngeldes. BT-Drucksache 16/1889.
Berlin: Deutscher Bundestag.
Suomen eduskunta (2012). Lapsiperheiden hyvinvoinnin turvaaminen. Keskustelu välikysymyksestä VK 3/2012 vp. Available at: http://www.eduskunta.fi/faktatmp/utatmp/akxtmp/ptk_26_2012_ke_p_1.shtml (accessed 9 June 2012).
Easton, M. (2011). Child poverty in UK 'likely to get worse'. BBC News, 28 April 2011.
Erler, D. (2009). Germany: taking a Nordic turn? In S. Kamerman, & P. Moss (Eds.), The politics of parental leave policies (pp. 119–134). Bristol: Policy Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Esping-Andersen, G. (2005). Children in the welfare state. A social investment approach. DemoSoc working paper, 2005:10. Barcelona: Univesitat Pompeu Fabra.
Esping-Andersen, G., Gallie, D., Hemerijck, A., & Myles, J. (2002). Why we need a New Welfare State, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
European Commission (2011). European Economy, Spring. Brussels: European Commission, DG ECFIN.
European Commission (2012). Social protection systems – MISSOC. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=815 (accessed 12 June 2012–
25 January 2013).
Eurostat (2012). Statistics database. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/statistics/search_database (accessed 25 January 2013).
Fagnani, J. (2012). Recent reforms in childcare and family policies in France and Germany: What was at stake? Children and Youth Services Review, 43(3), 509–516.
Farnsworth, K., & Irving, Z. (Eds.) (2011). Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems. Bristol: Policy Press.
Farnsworth, K. (2011). From economic crisis to a new age of austerity: the UK. In K. Farnsworth, & Z. Irving (Eds.), Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems (pp. 251–270). Bristol. Policy Press.
Ferrarini, T. (2006). Families, States and Labour Markets. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Finch, N. (2008). Family policies in the UK. In I. Ostner, & C. Schmitt (Eds.), Family Policies in the Context of Family Change (pp. 129–154). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
Forssén, K., Jaakola, A-M., & Ritakallio, V-M. (2008). Family Policies in Finland. In I. ; & C. Schmitt (Eds.), Family Policies in the Context of Family Change (pp. 75–88). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag.
Fox, H. (2009). A family-friendly Germany: Family policy reforms take off. DW AKADEMIE, 3.9.2009. Available at: HTTP://WWW.DW.DE/DW/ARTICLE/0,,4617912,00.HTML (accessed 20 June 2011).
Gauthier, A. H. (2002). Family policies in industrialized countries: Is there convergence? Population, 57(2), 447–474.
Gauthier, A. H. (1996). The State and the Family: A Comparative Analysis of Family Policies in Industrialized Countries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gestrin-Hagner, M. (2012). Subjektiva rätten till dagvård hotad. Hufvudstadsbladet, 3 mars 2012. Available at: http://hbl.fi/nyheter/2012-03-03/subjektiva-ratten-till- dagvard-hotad (accessed 15 March 2013).
Government of Finland (2011). An open, fair and confident Finland. Programme of Prime Minister Jyrki Katainen’s Government, 22.6.2011. Available at: http://valtioneuvosto.fi/hallitus/hallitusohjelma/en.jsp (accessed 12 August 2011).
Hay, C., & Winncott, D. (2012). The Political Economy of European Welfare Capitalism. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Heise, A., & Lierse, H. (2011). The Effects of European Austerity Programmes on Social Security Systems. Modern Economy, 2, 498–513.
Henninger, A., Wimbauer, C., & Dombrowski, R. (2008). Demography as a Push Toward Gender Equality? Current Reforms of German Family Policy. Social Politics, 15(3), 287–314.
Henricson, C. (2012). A revolution in family policy. Where we should go from here. Bristol: Policy Press.
Hiilamo, H. (2002). The rise and fall of Nordic family policy? Historical development and changes during the 1990s in Sweden and Finland. Helsinki: Stakes.
Hiilamo, H. (2006). Akantappolaista isäkiintiöön. Perhepolitiikan pitkä linja Suomessa ja Ruotsissa. Helsinki: Stakes.
HM Government (2010). Freedom, Fairness, Responsibility. Government programme, May 2010. Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/the- coalition/programme-for-government/ (accessed 12 August 2011).
HM Government (2011). PM’s speech on Big Society. Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/pms-speech-on-big-society/ (accessed 20 April 2012).
HM Government (2012). Speech by Prime Minister David Cameron on welfare, 25th June, 2012.Available at: http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/welfare-speech/ (accessed 2 August 2012).
HM Treasury (2013). Public spending statistics, July 2013. London: HM Treasury. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/21119 3/01_Public_Spending_Statistics_July_2013.pdf (accessed 10 July 2013).
Hudson, J., & Kuhner, S. (2011). Tiptoeing through crisis? Re-evaluating the German social model in light of the global recession. In K. Farnsworth, & Z. Irving (Eds.), Social Policy in Challenging Times: Economic Crisis and Welfare Systems (pp. 159– 180). Bristol. Policy Press.
Immervoll, H., & Richardson, L. (2011). Redistribution Policy and Inequality Reduction in OECD Countries: What Has Changed in Two Decades? OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 122. Paris: OECD. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kg5dlkhjq0x-en (accessed 10 November 2012).
Kamerman, S. B., & Kahn, A. J. (2003). Child and family policies in an era of social policy retrenchment and restructuring. In K. Vleminckx, & T. M. Smeeding (Eds.), Child well-being, child poverty and child policy in modern nations (pp. 501–525).
Bristol: The Policy Press.
Kaufmann, F-X. (2002). Politics and policies towards the family in Europe: A framework and enquiry into their differences and convergences. In F-X. Kaufmann,
A. Kuijsten, H-J. Schulze, & K. P. Strohmeier (Eds.), Family Life and Family Policies in Europe. Vol. 2: Problems and Issues in Comparative Perspective (pp. 419–490), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Korpi, W. (2000). Faces of Inequality: Gender, Class, and Patterns of Inequalities in Different Types of Welfare States. Social Politics, 7(2), 127–191.
Krugman, P. (2013). End this depression now. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company.
Kuivalainen, S., & Niemelä, M. (2010). From universalism to selectivism: The ideational turn of the anti-poverty policies in Finland. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(3), 263–276.
Lammi-Taskula, J., & Takala, P. (2009). Finland: Negotiating tripartite compromises. In S. Kamerman, & P. Moss (Eds.), The politics of parental leave policies (pp. 87– 102). Bristol: Policy Press.
Lammi-Taskula, J., & Salmi, M. (2010). Lapsiperheiden toimeentulo lamasta lamaan. In M. Vaarama, P. Moisio, & S. Karvonen (Eds.), Suomalaisten hyvinvointi (pp. 198– 214). Helsinki: Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos.
Leitner, S., Ostner, I., & Schmitt, C. (2008). Family Policies in Germany. In I. Ostner, I. & C. Schmitt (Eds.), Family Policies in the Context of Family Change (pp. 175-202). Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Lister, R. (2009). A Nordic Nirvana? Gender, Citizenship, and Social Justice in the Nordic Welfare States. Social Politics, 16(2), 242–278.
Lister, R. (2006). An agenda for children: Investing in the future or promoting well- being in the present? In J. Lewis (Ed.), Children, changing families and welfare states (pp. 51–66). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Lorenz, W. (1994). Social work in a changing Europe. London: Routledge.
McDonald, C., Harris, J., & Wintersteen, R. (2003). Contingent on Context? Social Work and the State in Australia, Britain, and the USA. The British Journal of Social Work, 33(2), 191–208
Millar, J. (2011). Desperately seeking security. UK family policy, lone mothers and paid work. Family Matters, 2011/87, 27–36.
Morel, N., Palier, B., & Palme, J. (2012). Beyond the welfare state as we knew it. In N. Morel, B. Palier, & J. Palme (Eds.), Towards a social investment state (pp. 1–30)? Bristol: Policy Press.
Montanari, I. (2000). From family wage to marriage subsidy and child benefits: Controversy and consensus in the development of family support. Journal of European Social Policy, 10(4), 307–333.
Nygård, M. (2012). The financial crisis and recent family-policy changes in Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom – toward workfare or social investment? Paper to the 10th ESPANET Conference, Edinburgh, 6-9 September 2012.
Nygård, M., & Krüger, N. (2012). Poverty, families and the investment state. The impact of social investment ideas on political elite discourses in Finland and Germany. European Societies, 14(5), 755–777.
Nygård, M. (2010). Family policy in the context of social change and post- industrialism. A study of family policy positions among Finnish parties 1970-2007. Social & Public Policy Review, 4(1), 50–78.
Nygård, M. (2003). Välfärdsstaten, partierna och marknaden. Den välfärdsideologiska förändringen inom fyra finländska partier under 1990-talet. Åbo: Åbo Akademis förlag.
OECD (2012). Statistics from A to Z. Available at: http://www.oecd.org/statistics/ (accessed 15 June 2012).
Office for National Statistics (2013a). GDP and the Labour Market, 2013 Q1, June GDP Update. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/elmr/gdp-and-the-labour- market/2013-q1--june-gdp-update/sum-june13-gdp.html (accessed at 10 July 2013).
Office for National statistics (2013b). Poverty and Social Exclusion in the UK and EU, 2005-2011. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/household-income/poverty- and-social-exclusion-in-the-uk-and-eu/2005-2011/rpt--poverty-and-social- exclusion.html (accessed 10 July 2013).
Pierson P. (1994). Dismantling the welfare state? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Quinn, T. (2011). From New Labour to New Politics: The British General Election of 2010. West European Politics, 34 (2), 403–411.
Rasche, U (2012). Betreuungsgeld Systemrelevant: die Familie. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 November 2012.
Reich, R. (2007). Supercapitalism. The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life. New York: Vintage Books.
Reinhard, C. & Rogoff, K. (2011). This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Richardson, D. (2010). Child and Family Policies in a Time of Economic Crisis. Children & Society, volume 24, (2010), 495–508.
Rodrik, D. (2011). The Globalization Paradox. Why global markets, states, and democracy can’t coexist. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ruggie, John G. (1982). International regimes, transactions, and change: Embedded liberalism in the postwar economic order. International Organization, 36(2), 379–415.
Sainsbury, D. (1999). Gender and Welfare State Regimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Schmidt, D. (2009). Kanzlerin Merkel stellt ihre neuen Ziele vor. Die Welt 10.11.2009. Available at: http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article5152608/Kanzlerin-Merkel- stellt-ihre-neuen-Ziele-vor.html (accessed 12 October 2011).
Seeleib-Kaiser, M. (2010). Socio-Economic Change, Party Competition and Intra-Party Conflict: The Family Policy of the Grand Coalition. German Politics, 19(3-4), 416–428.
Sellgren, K (2012). Child benefit loss will see parents cut necessities. BBC News 7 March 2012.
Siim, B., & Borchorst, A. (2005). The women-friendly welfare states revisited. In N. Kildal, & S. Kuhnle (Eds.), Normative Foundations of the Welfare State. The Nordic experience (pp. 97–111). London: Routledge.
Statistische Bundesamt (2013). Arbeitsmarkt. Available at: https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesamtwirtschaftUmwelt/Arbeitsmarkt/Arb eitsmarkt.html (accessed 10 July 2013).
Statistics Finland (2013). Labour Market. Available at: http://www.stat.fi/til/tym_en.html (accessed 10 July 2013).
STM (2006). Social Welfare and Health Report 2006, Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
STM (2012). Lapsilisien indeksitarkastukset jäädytetään. STM Tiedote 153/2012. Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2001). The Politics of Welfare in Europe. In P. Taylor-Gooby (Ed.), Welfare states under pressure (pp. 1–35). London: Sage.
Taylor-Gooby, P. (2004). New Risks and Social Change. In P. Taylor-Gooby (Ed.), New Risks, New Welfare. The Transformation of the European Welfare State (pp. 1– 28). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thévenon, O. (2011). Family Policies in OECD Countries: A Comparative Analysis. Population and Development Review, 37(1), 57–87.
Timonen, V. (2003). Restructuring the Welfare State. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Vis, B. (2010). The Politics of Risk-taking. Welfare state reform in advanced democracies. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
Yeasmin, S., & Rahman, K. F. (2012). 'Triangulation' Research Method as the Tool of Social Science Research. BUP JOURNAL, 1(1), 1
Downloads
Published
2013-10-01
How to Cite
Nygård, M., Campbell-Barr, V., & Krüger, N. (2013). The financial crisis and recent family policy reforms in Finland, Germany and the United Kingdom: Is there a connection?. Journal of Comparative Social Work, 8(2), 282–314. https://doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v8i2.104
Issue
Section
Articles